Full meaning
Union africaine
Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens
Marché commun de l'Afrique orientale et australe
Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
Les investissements directs étrangers
Produit intérieur brut
Tarifs par tranches
Fonds monétaire international
Petits producteurs d'énergie indépendants
Kilowatt
Kilowatt heure
Gaz de pétrole liquide
Megawatt
Pay as you go
Contrat d'achat d'électricité
Partenariats public-privé
Standard and Poors Global Ratings
Afrique subsaharienne
Transmission et distribution
Time of use
Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Taxe Sur La Valeur Ajoutee
Indicateurs réglementaires de la Banque mondiale pour l'énergie durable
Un système d'énergie distribué qui produit de l'électricité à partir d'une ou plusieurs sources d'énergie et qui la distribue aux clients finaux, généralement par l'intermédiaire d'un réseau à basse tension. Les mini-réseaux peuvent être isolés ou interconnectés avec le réseau principal.
Dans les mémoires sur les pays, un petit IPP (Independent Power Producer) est défini comme tout système relié au réseau électrique de moins de 10 MW fonctionnant selon un contrat d'achat d'électricité (PPA), dans le but exclusif d'alimenter le réseau en énergie (pas d'autoconsommation).
Les systèmes solaires domestiques (SHS) sont des produits solaires hors réseau avec des capacités de pointe généralement entre 11Wp et 350 Wp, alimentant les lumières et autres petits appareils à courant continu tels que les ventilateurs et les téléviseurs. Ils comprennent le stockage de la batterie pour l'approvisionnement en électricité en dehors des périodes de production. Les systèmes solaires Pico sont typiquement inférieurs à 11Wp, offrant des services énergétiques de base tels que l'éclairage et la recharge des téléphones portables.
Les systèmes d'alimentation électrique captive sont définis comme étant des systèmes "derrière le compteur" dont l'objectif principal est la propre consommation. Ces systèmes peuvent être hors réseau ou raccordés au réseau.
Aux fins des Country Briefs, cela comprend les cuisinières propres, les cuisinières améliorées, le biogaz et les systèmes de cuisson au gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL).
Segments de marché
Mozambique
Mozambique has had a fair amount of experience with larger IPPs. Since 2014, 76% of new capacity has been generated by IPPs. Yet, IPP projects below 10 MW are uncommon. Examples of larger IPPs include the Lichinga 50 MW solar (Gigawatt Global), Metro 41 MW solar (Neoen) and Mocuba 40 MW solar (Scatec Solar) projects. A single known example of an operational small IPP project is the Pequenos Libombos 1.5 MW hydro project, although it should be seen as an outlier as it is owned by the Regional Southern Waters Administration (ARA-Sul). An example of a planned small IPP project is the Licungo 7 MW hydro project (Tora Holding), while EdM indicated in 2019 that it plans to award contracts to IPPs for small solar parks between 10-15 MW at approximately four locations.
The sole IPP offtaker in Mozambique is EdM. The government attempted to implement a renewable energy feed-in tariff scheme in 2014, with accompanying standardised PPAs but this was unsuccessful. To date, projects have been awarded on a concession basis by the Ministry and tariffs have been negotiated on a contract-by-contract basis. More recently, the Ministry, in collaboration with development partners, have started to formulate the Global Energy Transfer Feed in Tariff (GET FiT) scheme. In May 2020, implementation partners were being procured. The scheme is thus envisaged to be operational in the near future. It will target projects below 20 MW.
The sole IPP offtaker in Mozambique is EdM. The government attempted to implement a renewable energy feed-in tariff scheme in 2014, with accompanying standardised PPAs but this was unsuccessful. To date, projects have been awarded on a concession basis by the Ministry and tariffs have been negotiated on a contract-by-contract basis. More recently, the Ministry, in collaboration with development partners, have started to formulate the Global Energy Transfer Feed in Tariff (GET FiT) scheme. In May 2020, implementation partners were being procured. The scheme is thus envisaged to be operational in the near future. It will target projects below 20 MW.
Règlements
Electricity Law (Law Nr. 21/97 of 1 October 1997) covers the generation, transmission, distribution and commercialisation of electricity in Mozambique, as well as the import and export of electricity. It allows for private participation in the sector under a concession system. A new electricity law has been drafted (in order to, amongst other changes, increase the opportunities for private participation) and was expected to be promulgated in mid-2019, but this is yet to occur.
Decree No. 8/2000 on the procedures for allocation, control and termination of generation, transmission, distribution and marketing concessions of electricity states that concessions for facilities below 10 MVA will be granted by the Ministry of local authorities. Concessions for installations below 1 MW can only be granted by local authorities. The decree further elaborates on call for tender procedures and required content of proposals (with specific requirements for hydro projects), information to be included in concession contracts and responsibilities of concession holders. Decree Nr. 48/2007 on the licencing Regulations for Electrical Installations (as amended by Decree 10/2016) defines categories of electrical installations, including self-generation, sale of electricity and generation for sale to the national grid. Each category has different rules and requirements for licencing. Decree No. 42/2005 sets out the rules concerning Planning, Financing, Construction, Ownership, Maintenance and Operation of generation, transmission and distribution facilities and commercialisation of electricity. PPP Law No. 15/2011, Decree No. 16/2012 and Decree No. 69/2013 are the regulation texts for all public-private contracts in Mozambique. Law 15/2011 guides procurement, deployment and monitoring of large scale PPP projects, Decree 16/2012 elaborates further on large scale PPP contracts and Decree 69/2013 sets regulations for PPPs related to small-sized concessions. Decree 58/2014 of 17 October established the tariff model for renewable energies, consisting of a “Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff”, with a view to promote and ensure the diversification of the energy mix and safe supply of electricity, as provided in Article 2 of the mentioned law. Yet, REFIT has not been successfully implemented to date and reports note that this legislation is no longer in force. Ministerial Decree Nr. 184/2014 of 12 November on the National Grid Electricity Code sets the technical requirements for connection of installations to the national grid.
Decree No. 8/2000 on the procedures for allocation, control and termination of generation, transmission, distribution and marketing concessions of electricity states that concessions for facilities below 10 MVA will be granted by the Ministry of local authorities. Concessions for installations below 1 MW can only be granted by local authorities. The decree further elaborates on call for tender procedures and required content of proposals (with specific requirements for hydro projects), information to be included in concession contracts and responsibilities of concession holders. Decree Nr. 48/2007 on the licencing Regulations for Electrical Installations (as amended by Decree 10/2016) defines categories of electrical installations, including self-generation, sale of electricity and generation for sale to the national grid. Each category has different rules and requirements for licencing. Decree No. 42/2005 sets out the rules concerning Planning, Financing, Construction, Ownership, Maintenance and Operation of generation, transmission and distribution facilities and commercialisation of electricity. PPP Law No. 15/2011, Decree No. 16/2012 and Decree No. 69/2013 are the regulation texts for all public-private contracts in Mozambique. Law 15/2011 guides procurement, deployment and monitoring of large scale PPP projects, Decree 16/2012 elaborates further on large scale PPP contracts and Decree 69/2013 sets regulations for PPPs related to small-sized concessions. Decree 58/2014 of 17 October established the tariff model for renewable energies, consisting of a “Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff”, with a view to promote and ensure the diversification of the energy mix and safe supply of electricity, as provided in Article 2 of the mentioned law. Yet, REFIT has not been successfully implemented to date and reports note that this legislation is no longer in force. Ministerial Decree Nr. 184/2014 of 12 November on the National Grid Electricity Code sets the technical requirements for connection of installations to the national grid.
A number of market barriers have kept private sector involvement in the mini-grid sector to a minimum in Mozambique. One of the key barriers has been the lack of supporting regulation; mini-grids must charge uniform national tariffs by law and currently mini-grid operators have no regulatory protection or compensation mechanism for the arrival of the grid. At least three mini-grids have been obliged to charge the national tariffs upon arrival of the grid. A number of operators have sidestepped the tariff barrier by negotiating service based rather than kWh based tariffs, but this is not conducive to mini-grids being incorporated fully into a national electrification strategy.
Fundo Nacional de Energia (FUNAE), the de facto national rural electrification agency, has installed approximately 130 mini-grids to date. However despite efforts to attract the private sector into the mini-grid market, progress has been slow. As of May 2020 FUNAE have identified a number of sites which are being put out to tender on a PPP basis. Generation assets will be owned and operated by private developers while distribution assets will be financed and operated by Electricidade de Moçambique (EdM), the Mozambican power utility.
A number of NGOs and private companies are active in the market including AKSM, Cronimet, Ecolibri, EDP Renewables, Hyosung, Palm Tree Power, Practical Action, RVE SOL and VSO.
Fundo Nacional de Energia (FUNAE), the de facto national rural electrification agency, has installed approximately 130 mini-grids to date. However despite efforts to attract the private sector into the mini-grid market, progress has been slow. As of May 2020 FUNAE have identified a number of sites which are being put out to tender on a PPP basis. Generation assets will be owned and operated by private developers while distribution assets will be financed and operated by Electricidade de Moçambique (EdM), the Mozambican power utility.
A number of NGOs and private companies are active in the market including AKSM, Cronimet, Ecolibri, EDP Renewables, Hyosung, Palm Tree Power, Practical Action, RVE SOL and VSO.
Règlements
Electricity Law (Law Nr. 21/97 of 1 October 1997) covers the generation, transmission, distribution and commercialisation of electricity in Mozambique, as well as the import and export of electricity. It allows for private participation in the sector under a concession system, but it does not outline operational requirements for off-grid access projects. Inadequate clarity means that private sector-led mini-grids are made to use the same regulation applicable to the utility-scale energy projects and are thus obliged to charge sub-commercial national tariffs.
A new electricity law has been drafted (to, amongst other changes, increase the opportunities for private participation) and was expected to be promulgated in mid-2019, but this is yet to occur.
Decree No. 8/2000 on the procedures for allocation, control and termination of generation, transmission, distribution and marketing concessions of electricity states that concessions for facilities below 10 MVA will be granted by the Ministry or local authorities. Concessions for installations below 1 MW can only be granted by local authorities. The decree further elaborates on call for tender procedures and required content of proposals (with specific requirements for hydro projects), information to be included in concession contracts and responsibilities of concession holders. Decree No. 42/2005 sets out the rules concerning Planning, Financing, Construction, Ownership, Maintenance and Operation of generation, transmission and distribution facilities and commercialisation of electricity. PPP Law No. 15/2011, Decree No. 16/2012 and Decree No. 69/2013 are the regulation texts for all public-private contracts in Mozambique. Law 15/2011 guides procurement, deployment and monitoring of large scale PPP projects, Decree 16/2012 elaborates further on large scale PPP contracts and Decree 69/2013 sets regulations for PPPs related to small-sized concessions. Decree Nr. 48/2007 on the licencing Regulations for Electrical Installations (as amended by Decree 10/2016) defines categories of electrical installations, including self-generation, sale of electricity and generation for sale to the national grid. Each category has different rules and requirements for licencing.
Ministerial Decree Nr. 184/2014 of 12 November on the National Grid Electricity Code sets the technical requirements for connection of installations to the national grid.
A new electricity law has been drafted (to, amongst other changes, increase the opportunities for private participation) and was expected to be promulgated in mid-2019, but this is yet to occur.
Decree No. 8/2000 on the procedures for allocation, control and termination of generation, transmission, distribution and marketing concessions of electricity states that concessions for facilities below 10 MVA will be granted by the Ministry or local authorities. Concessions for installations below 1 MW can only be granted by local authorities. The decree further elaborates on call for tender procedures and required content of proposals (with specific requirements for hydro projects), information to be included in concession contracts and responsibilities of concession holders. Decree No. 42/2005 sets out the rules concerning Planning, Financing, Construction, Ownership, Maintenance and Operation of generation, transmission and distribution facilities and commercialisation of electricity. PPP Law No. 15/2011, Decree No. 16/2012 and Decree No. 69/2013 are the regulation texts for all public-private contracts in Mozambique. Law 15/2011 guides procurement, deployment and monitoring of large scale PPP projects, Decree 16/2012 elaborates further on large scale PPP contracts and Decree 69/2013 sets regulations for PPPs related to small-sized concessions. Decree Nr. 48/2007 on the licencing Regulations for Electrical Installations (as amended by Decree 10/2016) defines categories of electrical installations, including self-generation, sale of electricity and generation for sale to the national grid. Each category has different rules and requirements for licencing.
Ministerial Decree Nr. 184/2014 of 12 November on the National Grid Electricity Code sets the technical requirements for connection of installations to the national grid.
It is estimated that by the end of 2018, approximately 10% of the Mozambican population had access to solar home systems (SHS) and pico-solar products. About 60% of products sold are quality-verified. In 2019, only 6,573 solar home systems and pico-solar products were sold by companies affiliated with GOGLA and Lighting Global in Mozambique, while no sales were recorded in 2018. By 2017, the Fundo de Energia (Mozambique Energy Fund) (FUNAE) had distributed 1,744 SHS that enabled electrification in 235 villages, 799 schools and 710 health centres. The majority of these systems were manufactured in FUNAE's own solar PV manufacturing plant in Boane, Maputo province. By the same year, Energising Development (EnDev) had provided 228,000 households, 9 social institutions and 51 small businesses with solar home systems and pico-solar products.
Companies supplying products in Mozambique include Dynamiss, Epsilon Energia, Fenix, Fosera, Greenlight Planet, Green Watts, Ignite Power, Loja de Energias, Martifer Solar, Phaesun, SolarWorks, Sunbox and Total (selling NIWA solar systems). SolarWorks aims to open a chain of stores nationwide and to reach 100,000 households by 2021.
Assuming the status quo, the SHS market in Mozambique is estimated to grow at an average annual rate of 8.8% up to 2026. Assuming the introduction of tax exemptions, it is estimated that the market can grow at an average annual rate of 22.1% (7.5% import duties and 17.5% VAT are payable on solar panels and batteries). The National Electrification Strategy states that 70% of electrification will be achieved by means of grid extension, leaving 30% for a combination of mini-grids and off-grid solar.
Companies supplying products in Mozambique include Dynamiss, Epsilon Energia, Fenix, Fosera, Greenlight Planet, Green Watts, Ignite Power, Loja de Energias, Martifer Solar, Phaesun, SolarWorks, Sunbox and Total (selling NIWA solar systems). SolarWorks aims to open a chain of stores nationwide and to reach 100,000 households by 2021.
Assuming the status quo, the SHS market in Mozambique is estimated to grow at an average annual rate of 8.8% up to 2026. Assuming the introduction of tax exemptions, it is estimated that the market can grow at an average annual rate of 22.1% (7.5% import duties and 17.5% VAT are payable on solar panels and batteries). The National Electrification Strategy states that 70% of electrification will be achieved by means of grid extension, leaving 30% for a combination of mini-grids and off-grid solar.
Règlements
Decree No. 8/2000 on the procedures for allocation, control and termination of generation, transmission, distribution and marketing concessions of electricity states that concessions for installations below 1 MW can only be granted by local authorities. The decree further elaborates on call for tender procedures and required content of proposals (with specific requirements for hydro projects), information to be included in concession contracts and responsibilities of concession holders.
Mozambique is home to at least 18 registered captive power plants exceeding 1 MW in size, most of which serve the commercial and industrial sectors. Five sugar refineries have biomass cogeneration plants with capacities ranging between 5 - 10 MW to supply energy for self-consumption. Another example is the 1.5 MW Maragara biomass facility at Illovo’s sugar cane plant. This plant only generates around 1,360 MW annually as a result of seasonality of sugar cane supply as feedstock. Several companies are supplying captive power installations of different sizes in the country, including Gigawatt Global, GridX Africa, MBHE African Power, Moçitaly, Total (at its own service stations) and Visabeira Energy.
The country approved a decree in 2014 creating Mozambique’s feed-in tariff (FiT) for renewable energy. The tariff includes biomass, wind, small hydro and solar projects ranging in capacity from 10 kW to 10 MW. It requires that all electricity generated be sold to the national utility Electricidade de Moçambique (EdM).
The country approved a decree in 2014 creating Mozambique’s feed-in tariff (FiT) for renewable energy. The tariff includes biomass, wind, small hydro and solar projects ranging in capacity from 10 kW to 10 MW. It requires that all electricity generated be sold to the national utility Electricidade de Moçambique (EdM).
Règlements
Electricity Law (Law Nr. 21/97 of 1 October 1997) covers the generation, transmission, distribution and commercialisation of electricity in Mozambique, as well as the import and export of electricity. It allows for private participation in the sector under a concession system.
A new electricity law has been drafted (in order to, amongst other changes, increase the opportunities for private participation) and was expected to be promulgated in mid-2019, but this is yet to occur.
Decree Nr. 48/2007 on the licencing Regulations for Electrical Installations (as amended by Decree 10/2016) defines categories of electrical installations, including self-generation, sale of electricity and generation for sale to the national grid. Each category has different rules and requirements for licencing. Self generation for own use is not regulated, which implies that grid connection and wheeling is regulated. Decree No. 42/2005 sets out the rules concerning Planning, Financing, Construction, Ownership, Maintenance and Operation of generation, transmission and distribution facilities and commercialisation of electric power, as well as procedures relating to management, operation and development of the national grid. Decree No. 8/2000 on the procedures for allocation, control and termination of generation, transmission, distribution and marketing concessions of electricity states that concessions for facilities below 10 MVA will be granted by the Ministry or local authorities. Concessions for installations below 1 MW can only be granted by local authorities. The decree further elaborates on call for tender procedures and required content of proposals (with specific requirements for hydro projects), information to be included in concession contracts and responsibilities of concession holders. Ministerial Decree Nr. 184/2014 of 12 November on the National Grid Electricity Code sets the technical requirements for connection of installations to the national grid.
A new electricity law has been drafted (in order to, amongst other changes, increase the opportunities for private participation) and was expected to be promulgated in mid-2019, but this is yet to occur.
Decree Nr. 48/2007 on the licencing Regulations for Electrical Installations (as amended by Decree 10/2016) defines categories of electrical installations, including self-generation, sale of electricity and generation for sale to the national grid. Each category has different rules and requirements for licencing. Self generation for own use is not regulated, which implies that grid connection and wheeling is regulated. Decree No. 42/2005 sets out the rules concerning Planning, Financing, Construction, Ownership, Maintenance and Operation of generation, transmission and distribution facilities and commercialisation of electric power, as well as procedures relating to management, operation and development of the national grid. Decree No. 8/2000 on the procedures for allocation, control and termination of generation, transmission, distribution and marketing concessions of electricity states that concessions for facilities below 10 MVA will be granted by the Ministry or local authorities. Concessions for installations below 1 MW can only be granted by local authorities. The decree further elaborates on call for tender procedures and required content of proposals (with specific requirements for hydro projects), information to be included in concession contracts and responsibilities of concession holders. Ministerial Decree Nr. 184/2014 of 12 November on the National Grid Electricity Code sets the technical requirements for connection of installations to the national grid.
Approximately 89% of the urban population and 95% of the rural population use solid fuels for cooking. The main fuel is wood, being consumed by 84% of the population. Other fuels are also used for cooking, including coal (13% of the population), liquid petroleum gas (LPG) (1% of the population), dung, charcoal and kerosene (all less than 1% of the population). While penetration of clean cookstoves is still very low - at 6%, it is estimated that the clean cooking market will grow at an average annual rate of 9% up to 2026. With tax exemptions, it is estimated that the market can grow at an increased average annual rate of 16.1%. BoP Shop, Livaningo, SNV and Sogepal are contributing to the uptake of clean cookstoves in the country. Other organisations in the market include Envirofit International, selling wood and charcoal efficient cookstoves, and Pamoja Cleantech, aiming to reach 3,000 households with portable, solar PV-integrated clean cookstoves. Pamoja’s cookstoves use fuel made from locally-abundant cashew shells. Rocket Works Chazam distributes and sells highly efficient, smokeless, wood-burning stoves for domestic use.
The Fundo de Energia (Mozambique Energy Fund) (FUNAE) has distributed about 154,000 improved stoves for home and institutional use by the end of 2017. The national government has introduced the Biofuel Policy and Strategy to reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports.
The Fundo de Energia (Mozambique Energy Fund) (FUNAE) has distributed about 154,000 improved stoves for home and institutional use by the end of 2017. The national government has introduced the Biofuel Policy and Strategy to reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports.